ШАҒЫН ЕЛДІ МЕКЕНДЕРДІ АУЫЗ СУМЕН ҚАМТАМАСЫЗ ЕТУ ҮШІН БАЯУ ҚҰМДЫ СҮЗГІЛЕРДІ ҚОЛДАНУ

Дулат Тлеш; Бостандық Халхабай

doi:10.37884/4-2026/16

Abstract

Currently, one of the urgent issues in environmental and social terms is the provision of small settlements with high-quality drinking water. The absence or insufficient development of a centralized water supply system in many rural areas of Kazakhstan requires the use of simple, reliable and cost-effective water treatment technologies. One of these technologies is the method of slow sand filtration. The simple structure of this technology, low energy costs and reliability in use make it possible to use it in small settlements. The purpose of this work is to study the design features of the installation of a slow sand filter used to provide drinking water to small settlements, substantiate the methodology of experimental research and analyze the scientific foundations of the use of quartz sand and natural zeolite as filter materials. In the course of the study, two experimental installations of a slow sand filter based on quartz sand and natural zeolite were considered. A layered arrangement of filter materials was formed, and their physico-chemical properties were compared. In order to prepare the installation for experimental studies, the filter materials were pre-washed and hydraulic tests were carried out. The analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature on the use of slow sand filters in the purification of natural water sources in small settlements is also carried out. As a result of the study, the structure of the experimental installation of a slow sand filter was described, and it was found that it is ready for subsequent comparative studies. An analysis of the literature has shown that the use of quartz sand and natural zeolite as a filter material can improve the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of water.

slow sand filter, drinking water, small settlement, biofilm, schmutzdecke, quartz sand, zeolite

01 Introduction

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02 References

An Introduction to Slow Sand Filtration [Electronic resource]. Issue 1. 2005. Access mode: www.itacanet.org (accessed: 11.06.2026).
Visscher J.T., Paramasivam R., Raman A., Heijne H.A. (1990). Slow Sand Filtration for Community Water Supply: Planning, Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance. The Hague: International Reference Centre for Community Water Supply and Sanitation, 1990.
Azat S., Kabdrakhmanova S., Kabdrakhmanova A., Abdiyev K., Aryp K., Kuldeyev E., Khalkhabay B., Sultakhan Sh., Rash A. (2023).
Qualitative indicators of drinking water of the maysky district pavlodar region of the republic Kazakhstan // NNC RK Bulletin. (2). 25–32. https://doi.org/10.52676/1729-7885-2023-2-25-32 (In Russ.)
Onyutha C., Okello E., Atukwase R., et al. (2024). Improving household water treatment: using zeolite to remove lead, fluoride and arsenic following optimized turbidity reduction in slow sand filtration // Sustainable Environment Research. Vol. 34. Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42834-024-00209-x
Abdiyev K., Azat S., Kuldeyev E., Ybyraiymkul D., Kabdrakhmanova S., Berndtsson R., Khalkhabai B., Kabdrakhmanova A., Sultakhan S. (2007). Review of Slow Sand Filtration for Raw Water Treatment with Potential Application in Less-Developed Countries. Water 2023. 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15112007
Maiyo J.K. et al. (2023). Slow Sand Filters for the 21st Century: A Review // International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Vol. 20. No. 2. – Article 1019. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021019.
Abdelwahab O., Thabet W.M. (2023). Natural zeolites and zeolite composites for heavy metal removal from contaminated water and their applications in aquaculture systems: A review // The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research. Vol. 49. No. 4. Pр. 431–443. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejar.2023.11.004.
Erazo-Oliveras A., Mayol-Bracero O.L., Ríos-Dávila R.A. (2012). Improving Slow Sand Filters for Water-Limited Communities // Opflow. Vol. 38. No. 2. Pр. 24–27. https://doi.org/10.5991/OPF.2012.38.0009
Tanirbergenova S., Tugelbayeva D., Zhylybayeva N., Aitugan A., Tazhu K., Moldazhanova G., Mansurov Z. (2025). Effect of Acid Treatment on the Structure of Natural Zeolite from the Shankhanai Deposit [Text] // Processes. Vol. 13. No. 9. – Article 2896. DOI: 10.3390/pr13092896
Tubon-Usca G., Centeno C., Pomasqui S., Beneduci A., Arias F.A. (2025). Enhanced Adsorption of Methylene Blue in Wastewater Using Natural Zeolite Impregnated with Graphene Oxide [Text] // Applied Sciences. Vol. 15. No. 5. – Article 2824. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052824
Verma V., Daverey A., Sharma A. (2017). Slow Sand Filtration for Water and Wastewater Treatment – A Review [Text] // Environmental Technology Reviews. Vol. 6. No. 1. Pр. 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2017.1290148
Langenbach K., Kuschk P., Horn H., Kästner M. (2010). Slow Sand Filtration of Secondary Clarifier Effluent for Wastewater Reuse [Text] // Water Research. Vol. 44. No. 5. Pр. 1655–1662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.030
Hijnen W.A.M., Schijven J.F., Bonne P., Visser A., Medema G.J. Elimination of viruses, bacteria and protozoan oocysts by slow sand filtration. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply. 2007;7(3):120–128.
Logsdon G.S., Kohne R., Abel S., LaBonde S. (2002). Slow Sand Filtration for Small Water Systems // Journal Water Supply Publication. 2002. 84–90.
Huisman L., Wood W.E. (1974). Slow Sand Filtration. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1974. (Reprinted/used edition 2020). 28–35.

Citation Links

[1]Tlesh, D. and Khalkhabay, B. 2026. APPLICATION OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION FOR PROVIDING DRINKING WATER IN SMALL SETTLEMENTS. Izdenister natigeler. 28, 4 (112) (Aug. 2026), 200–207. DOI:https://doi.org/10.37884/4-2026/16.

(1)Tlesh, D.; Khalkhabay, B. APPLICATION OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION FOR PROVIDING DRINKING WATER IN SMALL SETTLEMENTS. Izdenister natigeler 2026, 28 (4 (112), 200-207. https://doi.org/10.37884/4-2026/16.

Tlesh, D., & Khalkhabay, B. (2026). APPLICATION OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION FOR PROVIDING DRINKING WATER IN SMALL SETTLEMENTS. Izdenister Natigeler, 28(4 (112), 200-207. https://doi.org/10.37884/4-2026/16

TLESH, Dulat; KHALKHABAY, Bostandyk. APPLICATION OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION FOR PROVIDING DRINKING WATER IN SMALL SETTLEMENTS. Izdenister natigeler, [S. l.], v. 28, n. 4 (112), p. 200–207, 2026. DOI: 10.37884/4-2026/16. Disponível em: https://journal.kaznaru.edu.kz/index.php/research/article/view/1413. Acesso em: 9 oct. 2026.

Tlesh, Dulat, and Bostandyk Khalkhabay. 2026. “APPLICATION OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION FOR PROVIDING DRINKING WATER IN SMALL SETTLEMENTS”. Izdenister Natigeler 28 (4 (112): 200-207. https://doi.org/10.37884/4-2026/16.

Tlesh, D. and Khalkhabay, B. (2026) “APPLICATION OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION FOR PROVIDING DRINKING WATER IN SMALL SETTLEMENTS”, Izdenister natigeler, 28(4 (112), pp. 200–207. doi:10.37884/4-2026/16.

[1]D. Tlesh and B. Khalkhabay, “APPLICATION OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION FOR PROVIDING DRINKING WATER IN SMALL SETTLEMENTS”, Izdenister natigeler, vol. 28, no. 4 (112), pp. 200–207, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.37884/4-2026/16.

Tlesh, Dulat, and Bostandyk Khalkhabay. “APPLICATION OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION FOR PROVIDING DRINKING WATER IN SMALL SETTLEMENTS”. Izdenister Natigeler, vol. 28, no. 4 (112), Aug. 2026, pp. 200-7, https://doi.org/10.37884/4-2026/16.

Tlesh, Dulat, and Bostandyk Khalkhabay. “APPLICATION OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION FOR PROVIDING DRINKING WATER IN SMALL SETTLEMENTS”. Izdenister natigeler 28, no. 4 (112) (August 29, 2026): 200–207. Accessed October 9, 2026. https://journal.kaznaru.edu.kz/index.php/research/article/view/1413.

1.Tlesh D, Khalkhabay B. APPLICATION OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION FOR PROVIDING DRINKING WATER IN SMALL SETTLEMENTS. Izdenister natigeler [Internet]. 2026 Aug. 29 [cited 2026 Oct. 9];28(4 (112):200-7. Available from: https://journal.kaznaru.edu.kz/index.php/research/article/view/1413

1.Tlesh D, Khalkhabay B. APPLICATION OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION FOR PROVIDING DRINKING WATER IN SMALL SETTLEMENTS. Izdenister natigeler. 2026;28(4 (112):200-207. doi:10.37884/4-2026/16

[1] An Introduction to Slow Sand Filtration [Electronic resource]. Issue 1. 2005. Access mode: www.itacanet.org (accessed: 11.06.2026).

[2] Visscher J.T., Paramasivam R., Raman A., Heijne H.A. (1990). Slow Sand Filtration for Community Water Supply: Planning, Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance. The Hague: International Reference Centre for Community Water Supply and Sanitation, 1990.

[3] Azat S., Kabdrakhmanova S., Kabdrakhmanova A., Abdiyev K., Aryp K., Kuldeyev E., Khalkhabay B., Sultakhan Sh., Rash A. (2023).

[4] Qualitative indicators of drinking water of the maysky district pavlodar region of the republic Kazakhstan // NNC RK Bulletin. (2). 25–32. https://doi.org/10.52676/1729-7885-2023-2-25-32 (In Russ.)

[5] Onyutha C., Okello E., Atukwase R., et al. (2024). Improving household water treatment: using zeolite to remove lead, fluoride and arsenic following optimized turbidity reduction in slow sand filtration // Sustainable Environment Research. Vol. 34. Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42834-024-00209-x

[6] Abdiyev K., Azat S., Kuldeyev E., Ybyraiymkul D., Kabdrakhmanova S., Berndtsson R., Khalkhabai B., Kabdrakhmanova A., Sultakhan S. (2007). Review of Slow Sand Filtration for Raw Water Treatment with Potential Application in Less-Developed Countries. Water 2023. 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15112007

[7] Maiyo J.K. et al. (2023). Slow Sand Filters for the 21st Century: A Review // International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Vol. 20. No. 2. – Article 1019. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021019.

[8] Abdelwahab O., Thabet W.M. (2023). Natural zeolites and zeolite composites for heavy metal removal from contaminated water and their applications in aquaculture systems: A review // The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research. Vol. 49. No. 4. Pр. 431–443. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejar.2023.11.004.

[9] Erazo-Oliveras A., Mayol-Bracero O.L., Ríos-Dávila R.A. (2012). Improving Slow Sand Filters for Water-Limited Communities // Opflow. Vol. 38. No. 2. Pр. 24–27. https://doi.org/10.5991/OPF.2012.38.0009

[10] Tanirbergenova S., Tugelbayeva D., Zhylybayeva N., Aitugan A., Tazhu K., Moldazhanova G., Mansurov Z. (2025). Effect of Acid Treatment on the Structure of Natural Zeolite from the Shankhanai Deposit [Text] // Processes. Vol. 13. No. 9. – Article 2896. DOI: 10.3390/pr13092896

[11] Tubon-Usca G., Centeno C., Pomasqui S., Beneduci A., Arias F.A. (2025). Enhanced Adsorption of Methylene Blue in Wastewater Using Natural Zeolite Impregnated with Graphene Oxide [Text] // Applied Sciences. Vol. 15. No. 5. – Article 2824. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052824

[12] Verma V., Daverey A., Sharma A. (2017). Slow Sand Filtration for Water and Wastewater Treatment – A Review [Text] // Environmental Technology Reviews. Vol. 6. No. 1. Pр. 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2017.1290148

[13] Langenbach K., Kuschk P., Horn H., Kästner M. (2010). Slow Sand Filtration of Secondary Clarifier Effluent for Wastewater Reuse [Text] // Water Research. Vol. 44. No. 5. Pр. 1655–1662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.030

[14] Hijnen W.A.M., Schijven J.F., Bonne P., Visser A., Medema G.J. Elimination of viruses, bacteria and protozoan oocysts by slow sand filtration. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply. 2007;7(3):120–128.

[15] Logsdon G.S., Kohne R., Abel S., LaBonde S. (2002). Slow Sand Filtration for Small Water Systems // Journal Water Supply Publication. 2002. 84–90.

[16] Huisman L., Wood W.E. (1974). Slow Sand Filtration. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1974. (Reprinted/used edition 2020). 28–35.